Application of photoacoustic spectroscopy for glucose level measurement: A Literature Review

Abstract

This study addresses the critical need for effective glucose level measurement in managing diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a serious, economically influential disease that has no cure at present, highlighting the magnitude of prevention, control, and monitoring of blood glucose levels. This study systematically examined 79 articles from Google Scholar and PubMed databases, focusing on non-invasive glucose measurement using the photoacoustic system. After eliminating duplicates, 27 articles were reviewed. Glucose solution was predominantly used as the primary sample. Fixed and tunable lasers, especially near-infrared (NIR) lasers, were highlighted due to their superior penetration and accuracy in glucose measurements. Signal-purification techniques were used to guarantee accurate detection by removing noise. The evaluation involved regression analysis and machine learning integration to determine glucose levels statistically. The choice of sampling sites in volunteers was a critical factor affecting measurement accuracy. The study demonstrated meaningful progress in the development of photoacoustic methods, particularly in monitoring DM.